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Animal Biotechnology introduces applications of animal biotechnology and implications for human health and welfare. It begins with an introduction to animal cell cultures and genome sequencing analysis and provides readers with a review of available cell and molecular tools. Topics here include the use of transgenic animal models, tissue engineering, nanobiotechnology, and proteomics. The book then delivers in-depth examples of applications in human health and prospects for the future, including cytogenetics and molecular genetics, xenografts, and treatment of HIV and cancers. All this is complemented by a discussion of the ethical and safety considerations in the field.

Animal biotechnology is a broad field encompassing the polarities of fundamental and applied research, including molecular modeling, gene manipulation, development of diagnostics and vaccines, and manipulation of tissue. Given the tools that are currently available and the translational potential for these studies, animal biotechnology has become one of the most essential subjects for those studying life sciences. Table of Contents

Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section I: Human Diseases: In Vivo and In Vitro Models

Chapter 1. Drosophila: A Model for Biotechnologists
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
History
Principle
Methodology
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
Drosophila Models of Human Disease
Drosophila-Based Therapeutic Peptide Production
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 2. Animal Models of Tuberculosis
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Comparative Pathology of TB in Humans and Animals
Pathogen Diversity: Crossing Species Barriers
Host Diversity: Fundamental Processes and Fine Tuning
Animal Models of TB: Limits and Lessons
Various Animal Models
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
Protocols
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 3. Animal Models for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Principles
Methodology
Examples and Their Applications
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 4. Epigenetics and Animal Models: Applications in Cancer Control and Treatment
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
History: Landscape of Epigenetics
Principle
Methodology
Protocols
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 5. Development of Mouse Models for Cancer Research
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
History
Principle
Methodology
Examples with Applications
Checklist for a Successful in vivo Experiment
Protocols
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 6. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Diagnosis and Treatment
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Classification of Cancer
Cancer-Causing Agents
Cervical Cancer
Prevalence and Epidemiology of Cervical Cancer
Ethical Issues
Public Health Concerns About Vaccine Implementation
Treatment
Translational Significance
Therapeutic HPV Vaccines
Genetic-Based DNA Vaccines
Issues/Unanswered Questions Associated with HPV Vaccines
Future Prospects of HPV with Respect to Biotechnology
Conclusion
Key Points
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 7. Human DNA Tumor Viruses and Oncogenesis
Abstract
Summary
What You CAN Expect To Know
History and Methods
Transformation and Oncogenesis
History of Human DNA Tumor Viruses and Cancer
Current Research Perspectives
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers To Short Answer Questions

Chapter 8. Animal Models for Human Disease
Abstract
Summary
What you CAN Expect to Know
History and Methods
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Multiple Sclerosis
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 9. HIV and Antiretroviral Drugs
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Discovery and Origin of HIV
History of HIV and AIDS
Global Disease Burden
Clinical Stages of HIV
Molecular Biology of HIV
Replication: Steps and Drug Targets
Antiretroviral Drugs
HIV Resistance and Antiretroviral Treatment
New Types of Antiretrovirals
Methodology and Principles
NeuroAIDS: An Emerging Health Concern
Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Probable Cure for HIV
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 10. Animal Biotechnology as a Tool to Understand and Fight Aging
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Principle
Methodology: Measurement of Free Radicals and Methods to Monitor Aging
Common Laboratory Animal Experimental Models for Aging Research
Polyphenols as an Agent to Fight Aging
Animal Biotechnology as a Tool to Understand and Fight Aging
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Section II: Animal Biotechnology: Tools and Techniques

Chapter 11. Multicellular Spheroid: 3-D Tissue Culture Model for Cancer Research
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
MULTICELLULAR Tumor Spheroids
Historical Facts Towards the Development of Tissue Culture Technology from 2-D and 3-D Cultures
Techniques for the Generation of Spheroids
Protocol for Tumor SPHEROID Generation
Drug Treatment Protocol
Parameters to Monitor Drug Efficacy in 3-D Cultures
Radiation Response of Tumor Cells and its Modifications
Response to Anticancer Drugs
Response to Photodynamic Therapy
Response to Anti-Angiogenesis Therapeutics
Evaluation of Response to Immunotherapy
Application of 3-D Cultures in Other Diseases
Conclusions
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 12. Animal Tissue Culture: Principles and Applications
Abstract
Summary
What You can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Development of Animal Cell Culture
Basic Concept of Cell Culture
Types of Cell Culture
Cell Line
Growth Cycle
Monitoring Cell Growth
Cell Viability
Culture Media
Characterization of Cell Lines
Advantages of Animal Cell Culture
Disadvantages of Animal Cell Culture
Ethical Issues
Use of Fetal Bovine Serum in Animal Culture of Media
Translational Significance
Anti-Viral Vaccines
Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins
Gene Therapy
Biopesticides
Monoclonal Antibodies
Stem Cells
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 13. Concepts of Tissue Engineering
Abstract
Summary
What you can Expect to Know
History and Methods
History
Basic Approach to Tissue Engineering: Principles and Methodology
Scaffold Design
Materials for Scaffolds
Scaffold Fabrication Methods
Examples of Tissue-Engineered Organs
Tissue Engineering Using Stem Cells
Issues and Challenges
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 14. Nanotechnology and Its Applications to Animal Biotechnology
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Summary
What You can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Methodologies
Examples of Nanotechnology Applications To Animal Biotechnology
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 15. Antibodies: Monoclonal and Polyclonal
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Summary
What You can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Tiselius and Kabat’s Experiment
History
Elucidation of Immunoglobulin Structure
Immunoglobulin G: A Prototype for Immunoglobulin
Polyclonal Antibody versus Monoclonal Antibody
Naming Monoclonal Antibodies
Antibodies as Therapeutics: Adverse Effects
Applications of Antibodies
Methodology, Principles, and Protocols
Biochemical Pathway: Hybridoma Selection
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 16. Molecular Markers: Tool for Genetic Analysis
Abstract
Summary
What you can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Methodology
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 17. Gene Expression: Analysis and Quantitation
Abstract
Summary
What you can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Principles
Methodology
Protocols
Examples
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 18. Ribotyping: A Tool for Molecular Taxonomy
Abstract
Summary
What you CAN Expect to Know
History and Methods
Historical Developments in Bacterial Taxonomy
Typing Methods Used for Bacterial Systematics
Basis of Using rRNA and rRNA Genes as Taxonomic Tools
Different Techniques of Ribotyping
Limitations of Ribotyping
Future Perspectives
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 19. Next Generation Sequencing and Its Applications
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
History of DNA Sequencing
Generation of Sequencing Technologies
Principle of Sanger Sequencing vs. Next Generation Sequencing
Next Generation/Second Generation Technologies
Third Generation Sequencing Technologies
Other/4th Generation Sequencing Technologies
Downstream Bioinformatics
General Principles of NGS Methods in Various Applications
Animal Biotechnology and the Cattle Genome
Applications of NGS in Animal Biotechnology
Applications of NGS in Human Health
Future Perspectives
Challenges
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 20. Biomolecular Display Technology: A New Tool for Drug Discovery
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Principle
Necessity: Small Molecule vs. Biomolecular (Biologics) Drugs
Methodology: Biomolecular Display Technologies
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Anwers Questions
Answers to Short Answers Questions

Chapter 21. In Silico Models: From Simple Networks to Complex Diseases
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Bioinformatics and Systems Biology
Common Computational Methods in Systems Biology
Experimental Methods in Systems Biology
Protein–Protein Interactions (PPIs)
Transcriptional Control Networks
Signal Transduction Networks
Mathematical Modeling Techniques
The Concept of Modeling
In Silico Models of Cells
Applications of In Silico Disease Modeling in Practice
Conclusion
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Section III: Animal Biotechnology: Applications and Concerns

Chapter 22. Transgenic Animals and their Applications
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
Introduction
Creating Transgenic Animals
Transgenic Animals as Disease Models
Transgenic Animals as Biological Models
Transgenic Animals as Xenotransplanters
Transgenic Animals as Food Sources
Transgenic Animals for Drug and Industrial Production
Transgenic Animals’ Impact on the Environment
Patenting Transgenic Animals
Ethical Issues
FDA Guidelines on Genetically Engineered Animals
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 23. Stem Cells: A Trek from Laboratory to Clinic to Industry
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
History of Stem Cell Research
What are Stem Cells and Why are They Important?
What Makes Stem Cells Special?
Differentiation Potential/Potency of Stem Cells
Are Stem Cells Immortal?
Characteristics of Stem Cells
Where to Find Stem Cells?
Where do Stem Cells Come From?
How are Stem Cells Identified, Isolated, and Characterized?
The Stem Cell Niche
Growing Stem Cells in the Laboratory
iPSCs: A Stem Cell Research Breakthrough
Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)
Protocols for Hoechst 33342 or DCV Staining and Stem Cell Purification
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
How are Stem Cells Used In Cell-Based Regenerative Therapies?
Can Stem Cells Be Used to Find New Medicines?
Potential Uses of Stem Cells
Stem Cell Banking
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 24. Role of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics in Human Health and Medicine
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Cytogenetics: An Overview
Chromosome Morphology and Classification
Chromosomal Disorders
Methodology: Application of Different Cytogenetic Techniques in Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders
Molecular Genetics: an Overview
Methodology: Application of Different Molecular Techniques for Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 25. Antibodies and Their Applications
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
Pros
Cons
Websites
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 26. Vaccines: Present Status and Applications
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Types of Vaccines
Molecular Farming Using Plants as Bio-Reactors
Role of Adjuvants
Immune-Stimulating Complexes (ISCOMs)
Protocol for the Development of Vaccines
Future Challenges in Vaccine Development
Ethical Issues
Mandates
Vaccine Research and Testing
Informed Consent
Access Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 27. Safety Assessment of Food Derived from Genetically Modified Crops

Abstract
Acknowledgments
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Rationale for the Allergenicity Assessment of GM Foods
Mechanism of Food Protein-Induced Allergenicity
Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) Assay
Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) Assay
Thermal Treatment Assay
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 28. Nanotechnology and Detection of Microbial Pathogens
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Indicators of Microbial Water Quality
Need for Detection of Water- and Food-Borne Pathogens
Conventional Methods to Detect Fecal Indicator Organisms and Other Pathogenic Bacteria
Molecular Methods Based on Genetic Signature of Target Pathogen
Nanotechnology and Its Promise
History
Detection Principle
Methodology
Examples
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
Future Approaches
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 29. Biotechnological Exploitation of Marine Animals
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Marine Bioresources and Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering and Its Application in Aquaculture
Marine Ornamental Fish Trade and Chromosomal Manipulation
Advances in Mariculture
Marine Genomics
Disease Diagnosis of Cultivable Animals
Therapeutics from Marine Animals
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
Future Directions
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 30. Herbal Medicine and Biotechnology for the Benefit of Human Health
Abstract
Summary
What you can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Methodology
Biotechnological Approaches for Herbal Drug Production
Opportunities and Challenges
Conclusions and Outlook
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 31. Perspectives on the Human Genome
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
Human Genome Sequencing Project
Principle
Methodology
Examples with Applications
Ethical Issues
Translational Significance
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Abbreviations
Glossary
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Chapter 32. Ethical Issues in Animal Biotechnology
Abstract
Summary
What You Can Expect to Know
History and Methods
A Brief Overview of Ethical Thoughts and Principles
Principles
Methodology
Application of Ethics in Animal Biotechnology
Ethical Concerns in Animal Biotechnology
Some Challenging Ethical Issues in Animal Biotechnology
Translational Significance
Conclusions
World Wide Web Resources
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Abbreviations
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
Answers to Short Answer Questions

Index