The book analyses sanitation conditions as well as practices and places them in the context of human behaviour and culture. The author identifies intricate issues, explores alternative strategies and generates new knowledge about the prevalence of sanitation in human society from the past to the present. Even though there is a lot of hope offered by PM Modi's Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) sanitation initiative, 65 per cent of India's population still has no toilet facility. There is increasing evidence that India is heading towards a major sanitation crisis in the coming years. Hence, a holistic approach and an integrated strategy are needed to combat the urgency of the situation. In order to create a high-engagement public discourse on sanitation and also develop positive and sustainable sanitation practices, we need to understand the community outlook towards defecation, clean environment and personal hygiene, theoretically and empirically. Hence, its study needs to be made a part of academic curriculum all over the country.