Animal Biotechnology: Models in Discovery and Translation
- Amsterdam Elsevier 2014
- xxix,652 p. HB 29x20.5 cm.
Animal Biotechnology introduces applications of animal biotechnology and implications for human health and welfare. It begins with an introduction to animal cell cultures and genome sequencing analysis and provides readers with a review of available cell and molecular tools. Topics here include the use of transgenic animal models, tissue engineering, nanobiotechnology, and proteomics. The book then delivers in-depth examples of applications in human health and prospects for the future, including cytogenetics and molecular genetics, xenografts, and treatment of HIV and cancers. All this is complemented by a discussion of the ethical and safety considerations in the field.
Animal biotechnology is a broad field encompassing the polarities of fundamental and applied research, including molecular modeling, gene manipulation, development of diagnostics and vaccines, and manipulation of tissue. Given the tools that are currently available and the translational potential for these studies, animal biotechnology has become one of the most essential subjects for those studying life sciences. Table of Contents
Dedication Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Section I: Human Diseases: In Vivo and In Vitro Models
Chapter 1. Drosophila: A Model for Biotechnologists Abstract Acknowledgments Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods History Principle Methodology Ethical Issues Translational Significance Drosophila Models of Human Disease Drosophila-Based Therapeutic Peptide Production World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 2. Animal Models of Tuberculosis Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Comparative Pathology of TB in Humans and Animals Pathogen Diversity: Crossing Species Barriers Host Diversity: Fundamental Processes and Fine Tuning Animal Models of TB: Limits and Lessons Various Animal Models Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources Protocols References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 3. Animal Models for Neurodegenerative Disorders Abstract Acknowledgments Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Principles Methodology Examples and Their Applications Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 4. Epigenetics and Animal Models: Applications in Cancer Control and Treatment Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods History: Landscape of Epigenetics Principle Methodology Protocols Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 5. Development of Mouse Models for Cancer Research Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods History Principle Methodology Examples with Applications Checklist for a Successful in vivo Experiment Protocols Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 6. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Diagnosis and Treatment Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Classification of Cancer Cancer-Causing Agents Cervical Cancer Prevalence and Epidemiology of Cervical Cancer Ethical Issues Public Health Concerns About Vaccine Implementation Treatment Translational Significance Therapeutic HPV Vaccines Genetic-Based DNA Vaccines Issues/Unanswered Questions Associated with HPV Vaccines Future Prospects of HPV with Respect to Biotechnology Conclusion Key Points World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 7. Human DNA Tumor Viruses and Oncogenesis Abstract Summary What You CAN Expect To Know History and Methods Transformation and Oncogenesis History of Human DNA Tumor Viruses and Cancer Current Research Perspectives Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers To Short Answer Questions
Chapter 8. Animal Models for Human Disease Abstract Summary What you CAN Expect to Know History and Methods Rheumatoid Arthritis Multiple Sclerosis Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 9. HIV and Antiretroviral Drugs Abstract Acknowledgments Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Discovery and Origin of HIV History of HIV and AIDS Global Disease Burden Clinical Stages of HIV Molecular Biology of HIV Replication: Steps and Drug Targets Antiretroviral Drugs HIV Resistance and Antiretroviral Treatment New Types of Antiretrovirals Methodology and Principles NeuroAIDS: An Emerging Health Concern Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Probable Cure for HIV Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 10. Animal Biotechnology as a Tool to Understand and Fight Aging Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Principle Methodology: Measurement of Free Radicals and Methods to Monitor Aging Common Laboratory Animal Experimental Models for Aging Research Polyphenols as an Agent to Fight Aging Animal Biotechnology as a Tool to Understand and Fight Aging Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Section II: Animal Biotechnology: Tools and Techniques
Chapter 11. Multicellular Spheroid: 3-D Tissue Culture Model for Cancer Research Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods MULTICELLULAR Tumor Spheroids Historical Facts Towards the Development of Tissue Culture Technology from 2-D and 3-D Cultures Techniques for the Generation of Spheroids Protocol for Tumor SPHEROID Generation Drug Treatment Protocol Parameters to Monitor Drug Efficacy in 3-D Cultures Radiation Response of Tumor Cells and its Modifications Response to Anticancer Drugs Response to Photodynamic Therapy Response to Anti-Angiogenesis Therapeutics Evaluation of Response to Immunotherapy Application of 3-D Cultures in Other Diseases Conclusions Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 12. Animal Tissue Culture: Principles and Applications Abstract Summary What You can Expect to Know History and Methods Development of Animal Cell Culture Basic Concept of Cell Culture Types of Cell Culture Cell Line Growth Cycle Monitoring Cell Growth Cell Viability Culture Media Characterization of Cell Lines Advantages of Animal Cell Culture Disadvantages of Animal Cell Culture Ethical Issues Use of Fetal Bovine Serum in Animal Culture of Media Translational Significance Anti-Viral Vaccines Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins Gene Therapy Biopesticides Monoclonal Antibodies Stem Cells World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 13. Concepts of Tissue Engineering Abstract Summary What you can Expect to Know History and Methods History Basic Approach to Tissue Engineering: Principles and Methodology Scaffold Design Materials for Scaffolds Scaffold Fabrication Methods Examples of Tissue-Engineered Organs Tissue Engineering Using Stem Cells Issues and Challenges Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 14. Nanotechnology and Its Applications to Animal Biotechnology Abstract Acknowledgments Summary What You can Expect to Know History and Methods Methodologies Examples of Nanotechnology Applications To Animal Biotechnology Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 15. Antibodies: Monoclonal and Polyclonal Abstract Acknowledgments Summary What You can Expect to Know History and Methods Tiselius and Kabat’s Experiment History Elucidation of Immunoglobulin Structure Immunoglobulin G: A Prototype for Immunoglobulin Polyclonal Antibody versus Monoclonal Antibody Naming Monoclonal Antibodies Antibodies as Therapeutics: Adverse Effects Applications of Antibodies Methodology, Principles, and Protocols Biochemical Pathway: Hybridoma Selection Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 16. Molecular Markers: Tool for Genetic Analysis Abstract Summary What you can Expect to Know History and Methods Methodology Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 17. Gene Expression: Analysis and Quantitation Abstract Summary What you can Expect to Know History and Methods Principles Methodology Protocols Examples Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 18. Ribotyping: A Tool for Molecular Taxonomy Abstract Summary What you CAN Expect to Know History and Methods Historical Developments in Bacterial Taxonomy Typing Methods Used for Bacterial Systematics Basis of Using rRNA and rRNA Genes as Taxonomic Tools Different Techniques of Ribotyping Limitations of Ribotyping Future Perspectives Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 19. Next Generation Sequencing and Its Applications Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods History of DNA Sequencing Generation of Sequencing Technologies Principle of Sanger Sequencing vs. Next Generation Sequencing Next Generation/Second Generation Technologies Third Generation Sequencing Technologies Other/4th Generation Sequencing Technologies Downstream Bioinformatics General Principles of NGS Methods in Various Applications Animal Biotechnology and the Cattle Genome Applications of NGS in Animal Biotechnology Applications of NGS in Human Health Future Perspectives Challenges Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 20. Biomolecular Display Technology: A New Tool for Drug Discovery Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Principle Necessity: Small Molecule vs. Biomolecular (Biologics) Drugs Methodology: Biomolecular Display Technologies Conclusion and Future Perspectives Ethical Issues Translational Significance References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Anwers Questions Answers to Short Answers Questions
Chapter 21. In Silico Models: From Simple Networks to Complex Diseases Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Common Computational Methods in Systems Biology Experimental Methods in Systems Biology Protein–Protein Interactions (PPIs) Transcriptional Control Networks Signal Transduction Networks Mathematical Modeling Techniques The Concept of Modeling In Silico Models of Cells Applications of In Silico Disease Modeling in Practice Conclusion Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Section III: Animal Biotechnology: Applications and Concerns
Chapter 22. Transgenic Animals and their Applications Abstract Acknowledgments Summary What You Can Expect to Know Introduction Creating Transgenic Animals Transgenic Animals as Disease Models Transgenic Animals as Biological Models Transgenic Animals as Xenotransplanters Transgenic Animals as Food Sources Transgenic Animals for Drug and Industrial Production Transgenic Animals’ Impact on the Environment Patenting Transgenic Animals Ethical Issues FDA Guidelines on Genetically Engineered Animals Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 23. Stem Cells: A Trek from Laboratory to Clinic to Industry Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods History of Stem Cell Research What are Stem Cells and Why are They Important? What Makes Stem Cells Special? Differentiation Potential/Potency of Stem Cells Are Stem Cells Immortal? Characteristics of Stem Cells Where to Find Stem Cells? Where do Stem Cells Come From? How are Stem Cells Identified, Isolated, and Characterized? The Stem Cell Niche Growing Stem Cells in the Laboratory iPSCs: A Stem Cell Research Breakthrough Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) Protocols for Hoechst 33342 or DCV Staining and Stem Cell Purification Ethical Issues Translational Significance How are Stem Cells Used In Cell-Based Regenerative Therapies? Can Stem Cells Be Used to Find New Medicines? Potential Uses of Stem Cells Stem Cell Banking World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 24. Role of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics in Human Health and Medicine Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Cytogenetics: An Overview Chromosome Morphology and Classification Chromosomal Disorders Methodology: Application of Different Cytogenetic Techniques in Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders Molecular Genetics: an Overview Methodology: Application of Different Molecular Techniques for Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 25. Antibodies and Their Applications Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources Pros Cons Websites References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 26. Vaccines: Present Status and Applications Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Types of Vaccines Molecular Farming Using Plants as Bio-Reactors Role of Adjuvants Immune-Stimulating Complexes (ISCOMs) Protocol for the Development of Vaccines Future Challenges in Vaccine Development Ethical Issues Mandates Vaccine Research and Testing Informed Consent Access Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions Chapter 27. Safety Assessment of Food Derived from Genetically Modified Crops
Abstract Acknowledgments Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Rationale for the Allergenicity Assessment of GM Foods Mechanism of Food Protein-Induced Allergenicity Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) Assay Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) Assay Thermal Treatment Assay Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 28. Nanotechnology and Detection of Microbial Pathogens Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Indicators of Microbial Water Quality Need for Detection of Water- and Food-Borne Pathogens Conventional Methods to Detect Fecal Indicator Organisms and Other Pathogenic Bacteria Molecular Methods Based on Genetic Signature of Target Pathogen Nanotechnology and Its Promise History Detection Principle Methodology Examples Ethical Issues Translational Significance Future Approaches World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 29. Biotechnological Exploitation of Marine Animals Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Marine Bioresources and Biotechnology Genetic Engineering and Its Application in Aquaculture Marine Ornamental Fish Trade and Chromosomal Manipulation Advances in Mariculture Marine Genomics Disease Diagnosis of Cultivable Animals Therapeutics from Marine Animals Ethical Issues Translational Significance Future Directions World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 30. Herbal Medicine and Biotechnology for the Benefit of Human Health Abstract Summary What you can Expect to Know History and Methods Methodology Biotechnological Approaches for Herbal Drug Production Opportunities and Challenges Conclusions and Outlook Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 31. Perspectives on the Human Genome Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods Human Genome Sequencing Project Principle Methodology Examples with Applications Ethical Issues Translational Significance World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Abbreviations Glossary Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions
Chapter 32. Ethical Issues in Animal Biotechnology Abstract Summary What You Can Expect to Know History and Methods A Brief Overview of Ethical Thoughts and Principles Principles Methodology Application of Ethics in Animal Biotechnology Ethical Concerns in Animal Biotechnology Some Challenging Ethical Issues in Animal Biotechnology Translational Significance Conclusions World Wide Web Resources References Further Reading Glossary Abbreviations Long Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Answers to Short Answer Questions